Development of the Muscle Mass Obtainment Inventory
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Keywords
Muscle Dysmorphia, Body Image, Body Dysmorphia
Abstract
Introduction: Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is a sub-type of a body dysmorphic disorder where symptoms include dissatisfaction with current muscular appearance and the perception of small stature, despite a mesomorphic physique. The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement instrument of MD using empirical data reduction techniques. Methods: A set of 325 items were constructed by assessing commonalities with various dimensions/models of MD and reviewed by subject matter experts. Following subject matter review, a 180-item survey was administered to 827 college aged participants for data reduction. A Principle Axis Factor analysis with Oblimin and Kaiser normalization rotation was used to examine the factor structure of the 180-item survey.
Results: A final 85-item, nine factor scale emerged with factor loadings ≥.50 and reliability values ≥.80 called the Muscle Mass Obtainment Inventory (MMOI). Nine factors exist within this new scale with alpha ranging from .809 to .962. The composite alpha for all nine dimensions is .912.
Conclusions: The MMOI is an 85-item questionnaire with nine dimensions: MD internalization, Risky Steroid Use, Desire for Muscle Mass, Dietary Supplementation, Idealization of the Perfect Body, Body and Sport, Workout Priority, Physique Concern, and Social Constraints.
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