Effects of an Amylopectin-Chromium Complex Plus Whey Protein on Strength and Power After Eight Weeks of Resistance Training

Main Article Content

Tim N. Ziegenfuss
Kyle Cesareo
Betsy Raub
A. William Kedia
Jennifer E. Sandrock
Chad M. Kerksick
Arny A. Ferrando
Hector L. Lopez

Keywords

Insulin, Chromium, Insulin sensitivity, Muscle protein synthesis, Amino acids

Abstract




Background: Previously we reported that acute supplementation with an amylopectin- chromium complex combined with a six-gram dose of whey protein increased rates of muscle protein synthesis. The purpose of this study was to examine if chronic supplementation with the same amylopectin-chromium complex plus a higher dose of protein could impact resistance training adaptations, recovery, and biomarkers of safety.
Methods: Using a randomized, active-controlled, double-blind design, 35 recreationally active men (mean ± age, height, weight: 40.9 ± 7.6 y, 180.2 ± 6.1 cm, 95.8 ± 14.5 kg) were matched according to HOMA-IR and resistance-training experience and then randomly allocated to one of three groups: an active group consisting of 2 g amylopectin-chromium complex + 15 g whey protein isolate (V15P), an equivalent dose of whey protein isolate (15 g of whey protein, 15P), or a 30 gram dose of whey protein isolate (30P). Subjects consumed their respective supplement immediately following resistance exercise on days when training occurred and at the same time of day on non-training days. At 0, 4, and 8 weeks of training, body composition (4C via DXA, Bod Pod, Bioimpedance), whole-body protein balance (oral 15N-alanine), upper body and lower body performance (bench press, squat, jump power), and visual analog scale (VAS) scores for recovery, sleep quality, energy, willingness to train, and muscle soreness were assessed. Safety assessments included systemic hemodynamics, complete blood count, and comprehensive metabolic panels. Results: All groups gained strength, increased fat-free mass, and improved muscle size. Similarly, all groups increased squat repetitions to failure (RTF), with V15P experiencing a greater increase (+25.3 reps, p = 0.02) when compared to 15P (+12.0 reps) and 30P (+13.9 reps). After normalizing data to body mass, vertical jump power increased (p = 0.03) more for V15P (+2.1 Watts/kg) than either 15P (+0.4 Watts/kg) or 30P (+0.3 Watts/kg). Vertical jump height calculated from power output increased more in V15P (+8.7 cm, p = 0.04) than 15P (+1.6 cm) and 30P (+0.9 cm). Net protein balance was greater (p = 0.04) in V15P compared to 15W and 30W at four weeks (p < 0.05), but this difference was not observed after eight weeks (p = 0.51). No changes in VAS were identified between groups. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in V15P (p = 0.002) compared to the other groups, and outside of an interaction for creatinine and aspartate aminotransferase (which still remained well within clinical limits), all blood- based markers of safety demonstrated no differences between groups.




Abstract 1594 | PDF Downloads 479

References

1. Jager R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM, Purpura M, Ziegenfuss TN, Ferrando AA, Arent SM, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Arciero PJ, Ormsbee MJ, Taylor LW, Wilborn CD, Kalman DS, Kreider RB, Willoughby DS, Hoffman JR, Krzykowski JL, and Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017; 14(20.
2. Cermak NM, Res PT, De Groot LC, Saris WH, and Van Loon LJ. Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: A meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012; 96(6):1454-64.
3. Morton RW, Murphy KT, Mckellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, Aragon AA, Devries MC, Banfield L, Krieger JW, and Phillips SM. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta- regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018; 52(6):376-384.
4. Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, Tang JE, Glover EI, Wilkinson SB, Prior T, Tarnopolsky MA, and Phillips SM. Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89(1):161-8.
5. Witard OC, Jackman SR, Breen L, Smith K, Selby A, and Tipton KD. Myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis rates subsequent to a meal in response to increasing doses of whey protein at rest and after resistance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014; 99(1):86-95.
6. Yang Y, Breen L, Burd NA, Hector AJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Josse AR, Tarnopolsky MA, and Phillips SM. Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men. Br J Nutr. 2012; 108(10):1780-8.
7. Joy JM, Lowery RP, Wilson JM, Purpura M, De Souza EO, Wilson SM, Kalman DS, Dudeck JE, and Jager R. The effects of 8 weeks of whey or rice protein supplementation on body composition and exercise performance. Nutrition journal. 2013; 12(86.
8. Macnaughton LS, Wardle SL, Witard OC, Mcglory C, Hamilton DL, Jeromson S, Lawrence CE, Wallis GA, and Tipton KD. The response of muscle protein synthesis following whole-body resistance exercise is greater following 40 g than 20 g of ingested whey protein. Physiological reports. 2016; 4(15).
9. Churchward-Venne TA, Burd NA, Mitchell CJ, West DW, Philp A, Marcotte GR, Baker SK, Baar K, and Phillips SM. Supplementation of a suboptimal protein dose with leucine or essential amino acids: Effects on myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in men. J Physiol. 2012; 590(Pt 11):2751-65.
10. Dreyer HC, Drummond MJ, Pennings B, Fujita S, Glynn EL, Chinkes DL, Dhanani S, Volpi E, and Rasmussen BB. Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mtor signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 294(2):E392-400.
11. Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kedia A, Habowski SM, Sandrock JE, Raub B, Kerksick CM, and Ferrando AA. Effects of an amylopectin and chromium complex on the anabolic response to a suboptimal dose of whey protein. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017; 14(6.
12. Evans GW. The effect of chromium picolinate on insulin controlled parameters in humans. Int Biosc Med Res. 1989; 11(163-180.
13. Evans GW and Bowman TD. Chromium picolinate increases membrane fluidity and rate of insulin internalization. J Inorg Biochem. 1992; 46(4):243-50.
14. Wang H, Kruszewski A, and Brautigan DL. Cellular chromium enhances activation of insulin receptor kinase. Biochemistry. 2005; 44(22):8167-75.
15. Hoffman NJ, Penque BA, Habegger KM, Sealls W, Tackett L, and Elmendorf JS. Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK. J Nutr Biochem. 2014; 25(5):565-72.
16. Hallmark MA, Reynolds TH, Desouza CA, Dotson CO, Anderson RA, and Rogers MA. Effects of chromium and resistive training on muscle strength and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996; 28(1):139-44.
17. Walker LS, Bemben MG, Bemben DA, and Knehans AW. Chromium picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998; 30(12):1730-7. 18. Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Anderson RA, Davey SL, Hinton J, and Evans WJ. Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002; 12(2):125-35.
19. Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Davey SL, Cyr-Campbell D, Anderson RA, and Evans WJ. Effects of resistance training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle in older men. J Appl Physiol. 1999; 86(1):29-39.
20. Trommelen J, Groen BB, Hamer HM, De Groot LC, and Van Loon LJ. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Exogenous insulin does not increase muscle protein synthesis rate when administered systemically: A systematic review. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015; 173(1):R25-34.
21. Kim IY, Schutzler S, Schrader A, Spencer HJ, Azhar G, Ferrando AA, and Wolfe RR. The anabolic response to a meal containing different amounts of protein is not limited by the maximal stimulation of protein synthesis in healthy young adults. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016; 310(1):E73-80.
22. Trommelen J, Betz MW, and Van Loon LJC. The muscle protein synthetic response to meal ingestion following resistance-type exercise. Sports Med. 2019; 49(2):185-197.
23. Cuthbertson D, Smith K, Babraj J, Leese G, Waddell T, Atherton P, Wackerhage H, Taylor PM, and Rennie MJ. Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle. Faseb J. 2005; 19(3):422-4.
24. Volpi E, Sheffield-Moore M, Rasmussen BB, and Wolfe RR. Basal muscle amino acid kinetics and protein synthesis in healthy young and older men. JAMA. 2001; 286(10):1206-12.
25. Damas F, Phillips S, Vechin FC, and Ugrinowitsch C. A review of resistance training-induced changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and their contribution to hypertrophy. Sports Med. 2015; 45(6):801-7.
26. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, Nieman DC, Swain DP, and American College of Sports M. American college of sports medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(7):1334-59.
27. Amirani E, Milajerdi A, Reiner Z, Mirzaei H, Mansournia MA, and Asemi Z. Effects of whey protein on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Lipids Health Dis. 2020; 19(1):209.
28. Cuka S, Dvornik S, Drazenovic K, and Mihic J. Evaluation of the dade behring dimension rxl clinical chemistry analyzer. Clin Lab. 2001; 47(1-2):35-40.
29. Thompson WR, Gordon NF, and Pescatello LS: Acsm's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010(Series Editor)
30. Ziegenfuss TN, Hofheins JE, Mendel RW, Landis J, and Anderson RA. Effects of a water- soluble cinnamon extract on body composition and features of the metabolic syndrome in pre-diabetic men and women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2006; 3(45-53.
31. Wang Z, Pi-Sunyer FX, Kotler DP, Wielopolski L, Withers RT, Pierson RN, Jr., and Heymsfield SB. Multicomponent methods: Evaluation of new and traditional soft tissue mineral models by in vivo neutron activation analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76(5):968-74.
32. Berryman CE, Sepowitz JJ, Mcclung HL, Lieberman HR, Farina EK, Mcclung JP, Ferrando AA, and Pasiakos SM. Supplementing an energy adequate, higher protein diet with protein does not enhance fat-free mass restoration after short-term severe negative energy balance. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md : 1985). 2017; 122(6):1485-1493.
33. Ferrando AA, Lane HW, Stuart CA, Davis-Street J, and Wolfe RR. Prolonged bed rest decreases skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis. Am J Physiol. 1996; 270(4 Pt 1):E627-33.
34. Fern EB, Garlick PJ, and Waterlow JC. Apparent compartmentation of body nitrogen in one human subject: Its consequences in measuring the rate of whole-body protein synthesis with 15n. Clin Sci (Lond). 1985; 68(3):271-82.
35. Stein TP, Rumpler WV, Leskiw MJ, Schluter MD, Staples R, and Bodwell CE. Effect of reduced dietary intake on energy expenditure, protein turnover, and glucose cycling in man. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 1991; 40(5):478-83.
36. Weiner ID, Mitch WE, and Sands JM. Urea and ammonia metabolism and the control of renal nitrogen excretion. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015; 10(8):1444-58.
37. Beckenholdt SE and Mayhew JL. Specificity among anaerobic power tests in male athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1983; 23(3):326-32.
38. Stone MH, Byrd R, Tew J, and Wood M. Relationship between anaerobic power and olympic weightlifting performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1980; 20(1):99-102.
39. Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Rashti SL, and Faigenbaum AD. Effect of betaine supplementation on power performance and fatigue. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009; 6(7.
40. Stock MS, Beck TW, Defreitas JM, and Dillon MA. Test-retest reliability of barbell velocity during the free-weight bench-press exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25(1):171-7.
41. Baechle TR and Earle RW: Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2000(Series Editor)
42. Alemany JA, Pandorf CE, Montain SJ, Castellani JW, Tuckow AP, and Nindl BC. Reliability assessment of ballistic jump squats and bench throws. J Strength Cond Res. 2005; 19(1):33-8.
43. Harty PS, Cottet ML, Malloy JK, and Kerksick CM. Nutritional and supplementation strategies to prevent and attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage: A brief review. Sports Med Open. 2019; 5(1):1. 44. Peake JM, Neubauer O, Della Gatta PA, and Nosaka K. Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md : 1985). 2017; 122(3):559- 570.
45. Laurent CM, Green JM, Bishop PA, Sjokvist J, Schumacker RE, Richardson MT, and Curtner- Smith M. A practical approach to monitoring recovery: Development of a perceived recovery status scale. J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25(3):620-8.
46. Mann JB, Thyfault JP, Ivey PA, and Sayers SP. The effect of autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise vs. Linear periodization on strength improvement in college athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(7):1718-23.
47. Hoeger WW, Harris C, Long EM, and Hopkins DR. Four-week supplementation with a natural dietary compound produces favorable changes in body composition. Adv Ther. 1998; 15(5):305-14.
48. Kaats GR, Blum K, Pullin D, Keith SC, and Wood R. Randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study of the effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition: A replication and extension study of a previous study Current Therapeutic Research. 1998; 59(6):379-388. 49. Churchward-Venne TA, Burd NA, Mitchell CJ, West DW, Philp A, Marcotte GR, Baker SK, Baar K, and Phillips SM. Supplementation of a suboptimal protein dose with leucine or essential amino acids: Effects on myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in men. J Physiol. 2012; 590(11):2751-65.
50. Phillips SM. The science of muscle hypertrophy: Making dietary protein count. Proc Nutr Soc. 2011; 70(1):100-3.
51. Hayes A and Cribb PJ. Effect of whey protein isolate on strength, body composition and muscle hypertrophy during resistance training. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008; 11(1):40-4.
52. Kerksick CM, Rasmussen C, Lancaster S, Starks M, Smith P, Melton C, Greenwood M, Almada A, and Kreider R. Impact of differing protein sources and a creatine containing nutritional formula after 12 weeks of resistance training. Nutrition. 2007; 23(9):647-56.
53. Kreider RB. Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. Abstracts of 6th Internationl Conference on Guanidino Compounds in Biology and Medicine. 2001. 54. Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Ziegenfuss TN, Wildman R, Collins R, Candow DG, Kleiner SM, Almada AL, and Lopez HL. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017; 14(18.
55. Evans GW. The effect of chromium picolinate on insulin controlled parameters in humans. Int J Biosocial Med Research. 1989; 11(2):163-180.
56. Moon JM, Ratliff KM, Blumkaitis JC, Harty PS, Zabriskie HA, Stecker RA, Currier BS, Jagim AR, Jager R, Purpura M, and Kerksick CM. Effects of daily 24-gram doses of rice or whey protein on resistance training adaptations in trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020; 17(1):60.
57. Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Campbell BI, Roberts MD, Rasmussen CJ, Greenwood M, and Kreider RB. Early-phase adaptations to a split-body, linear periodization resistance training program in college-aged and middle-aged men. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(3):962-71.
58. Ziegenfuss TN, Kedia AW, Sandrock JE, Raub BJ, Kerksick CM, and Lopez HL. Effects of an aqueous extract of withania somnifera on strength training adaptations and recovery: The star trial. Nutrients. 2018; 10(11).
59. Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jager R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, and Kreider RB. Issn exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018; 15(1):38.
60. Dhurandhar NV, Schoeller D, Brown AW, Heymsfield SB, Thomas D, Sorensen TI, Speakman JR, Jeansonne M, Allison DB, and Energy Balance Measurement Working G. Energy balance measurement: When something is not better than nothing. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015; 39(7):1109-13.
61. Scagliusi FB, Ferriolli E, Pfrimer K, Laureano C, Cunha CS, Gualano B, Lourenco BH, and Lancha AH, Jr. Underreporting of energy intake in brazilian women varies according to dietary assessment: A cross-sectional study using doubly labeled water. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008; 108(12):2031- 40.
62. Stubbs RJ, O'reilly LM, Whybrow S, Fuller Z, Johnstone AM, Livingstone MB, Ritz P, and Horgan GW . Measuring the difference between actual and reported food intakes in the context of energy balance under laboratory conditions. Br J Nutr. 2014; 111(11):2032-43.