The Effect of Differing Potentiation Modalities on Acute Performance in Collegiate Athletes Original Research
Main Article Content
Keywords
Reflexive Performance Resets, Contrast Training, Dynamic Warm-up
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of Reflexive Performance Resets (RPR) compared to a dynamic warm-up and contrast training on acute athletic performance.
Methods: Participants were athletes competing in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) collegiate athletes (male: 7, female: 2; average height: 180.64 ± 5.89 cm; average body mass: 76.29 ± 6.57 kg; age: 21.22 ± 1.71years; 1RM trap bar deadlift: 153.95 ± 28.35 kg; deadlift/body mass ratio: 2.02 ± 0.41). Participants in the study completed four different potentiation protocols: control (cycling), contrast training, dynamic warm-up, and RPR. The participants completed each protocol on separate days before performing a countermovement jump, which assessed mean peak displacement, acceleration, velocity, and power on a force plate, and a T-test assessed the change of direction performance.
Results: A repeated measures ANOVA and independent t-tests were used to assess interactions and main effects between the protocols. A significant main effect was found when comparing the dynamic warm-up and RPR protocols in mean peak displacement (Dynamic: 0.42 ± 0.05 m; RPR: 0.36 ± 0.06 m; p = 0.001; d = 1.41; 95% Cl [-0.66,0.76), velocity (Dynamic: 2.85 ± .17 m/s; RPR: 2.7 ± .19 m/s; p =0.003; d = 1.41; 95% Cl [-0.03,0.33], and power (Dynamic: 4258 ± 541.4 w; RPR: 3964 ± 597.91 w; p = 0.005; d = 1.41; 95% Cl [-275.74,864.20]). There was also a significant main effect when comparing mean peak power between the dynamic warm-up and control protocols (Dynamic: 4258.24 ± 541.4 w; RPR: 4063.56 ± 474.41 w; p = 0.04; d = 0.38; 95% Cl [-314, 508.7]) There were no significant differences between the dynamic warm-up and RPR protocols in mean peak acceleration (Dynamic: 13.32 ± 2.4 m/s2; RPR: 13.12 ± 3.28 m/s2; p = .310 or mean peak T-test (Dynamic: 10.31 ± .78 s; RPR 10.1 ± .77 s; p = .464.
Conclusions: A dynamic warm-up was shown to be most effective for improving acute countermovement jump performance when compared to RPR, contrast training, and a control protocol.
References
2. Bauer, P., Sansone, P., Mitter, B., Makivic, B., Seitz, L. B., & Tschan, H. Acute effects of back squats on countermovement jump performance across multiple sets of a contrast training protocol in resistance-trained men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2019; 33(4), 995–1000.
3. Cetin, O., & Isik, O. The acute effects of a dynamic warm-up, including hip mobility exercises on sprint, agility and vertical jump performance. European Journal of Human Movement. 2020; 45, 55–61. https://doi.org/10.21134/eurjhm.2020.45.6
4. Cormier, P., Freitas, T. T., Rubio-Arias, J. Á., & Alcaraz, P. E. Complex and contrast training: Does strength and power training sequence affect performance-based adaptations in team sports? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 34(5), 1461–1479. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003493
5. Dobbs, T. J., Simonson, S. R., & Conger, S. A. Improving power output in older adults using plyometrics in a body mass–supported treadmill. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2018; 32(9), 2458–2465. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002718
6. Fradkin, A. J., Zazryn, T. R., & Smoliga, J. M. Effects of warming-up on physical performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010; 24(1), 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643a0
7. French, D. Chapter 5: Adaptations to anaerobic training programs. In: G. Gregory Haff, N. Travis Triplett, eds. Essentials of strength training and conditioning (4th ed.). Human Kinetics; 2016: 88-92.
8. Graham, E., Campbell, O., Lem, J., & Ives, S. J. The acute administration of Reflexive Performance Reset on upper and lower body muscular power output in Division III male college ice hockey players: A preliminary study. Journal of Exercise and Nutrition. 2020; 3(2), 1–11. https://www.journalofexerciseandnutrition.com/index.php/JEN/article/view/61
9. Henneman, E., Somjen, G., & Carpenter, D. O. Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1965; 28(3), 560–580. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1965.28.3.560
10. Higham, J., & Richardson, J. T. E. Corrigendum to “The use of Latin-square designs in educational and psychological research.” Educational Research Review. 2021; 32, 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100378
11. Hudson, A. L., Gandevia, S. C., & Butler, J. E. A principle of neuromechanical matching for motor unit recruitment in human movement. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2019; 47(3), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000191
12. Ishak, A., Ahmad, H., Wong, F. Y., Rejeb, A., Hashim, H. A., & Pullinger, S. A. Two sets of dynamic stretching of the lower body musculature improves linear repeated-sprint performance in team-sports. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 2019; 10(3). https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.91775
13. Langdown, B. L., Wells, J. E. T., Graham, S., & Bridge, M. W. Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on highly skilled golfers’ drive performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2019; 37(6), 656–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1522699
14. Li, Q.-Q., Shi, G.-X., Xu, Q., Wang, J., Liu, C.-Z., & Wang, L.-P. Acupuncture effect and central autonomic regulation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013; 267959. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/267959
15. Maio Alves, J. M. V., Rebelo, A. N., Abrantes, C., & Sampaio, J. Short-term effects of complex and contrast training in soccer players’ vertical jump, sprint, and agility abilities. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010; 24(4), 936–941. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7c5fd
16. Moreno-Pérez, V., Hernández-Davó, J. L., Nakamura, F., López-Samanes, Á., Jiménez-Reyes, P., Fernández-Fernández, J., & Behm, D. G. Post-activation performance enhancement of dynamic stretching and heavy load warm-up strategies in elite tennis players. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2021; 34(3), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-191710
17. Motalebi, S. A., Zajkani, Z., Mohammadi, F., Habibi, M., Mafi, M., & Ranjkesh, F. Effect of acupressure on dynamic balance in elderly women: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental Aging Research. 2020; 46(5), 433–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2020.1802981
18. Mucha, D., Ambroży, T., & Mucha, D. The effect of acupressure stimulation of ST-36 – Zusanli, point on lower limbs explosive strength. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2017; 11, 59–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2017.01.013
19. Oliveira, L. P., Vieira, L. H. P., Aquino, R., Manechini, J. P. V., Santiago, P. R. P., & Puggina, E. F. Acute effects of active, ballistic, passive, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on sprint and vertical jump performance in trained young soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2018; 32(8), 2199–2208. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002298
20. Pelham, T. W., Holt, L. E., & Stalker, R. Acupuncture in human performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2001; 15(2), 266–271.
21. Reflexive Performance Reset. What is RPR? Accessed September 1, 2023. https://www.reflexiveperformance.com/what-is-rpr.
22. Ribeiro, B., Pereira, A., Neves, P., Marinho, D., Marques, M., & Neiva, H. P. The effect of warm-up in resistance training and strength performance: A systematic review. Motricidade. 2021;17(1), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.6063/MOTRICIDADE.21143
23. Scott, S. L., & Docherty, D. Acute effects of heavy preloading on vertical and horizontal jump performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2004; 18(2), 201. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-13123.1
24. Seitz, L. B., Mina, M. A., & Haff, G. G. Postactivation potentiation of horizontal jump performance across multiple sets of a contrast protocol. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2016; 30(10), 2733–2740. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001383
25. Semenick, D. Tests and measurements: The T-test. NSCA Journal. 1990; 12(1), 36–37
26. Sheppard, J.M. & Triplett, N.T. Chapter 17: Program design for resistance training. In: G. Gregory Haff, N. Travis Triplett, eds. Essentials of strength training and conditioning (4th ed.). Human Kinetics. 2016:440-441.
27. Shin, W. The effect of convalescent meridian acupressure after exercise on stress hormones and lactic acid concentration changes. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 2013; 9(2), 331–335. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.130019
28. Smilios, I., Pilianidis, T., Sotiropoulos, K., Antonakis, M., & Tokmakidis, S.P. Short-term effects of selected exercise and load in contrast training on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2015; 19(1), 135-139.
29. Stein, A., Mkhwane, S., & Shaw, B. S. Acute effects of acupressure on abdominal muscle strength. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance. 2011; 17(4), 852–858.
30. Talpey, S. W., Young, W. B., & Saunders, N. The acute effects of conventional, complex, and contrast protocols on lower-body power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2014; 28(2), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318299a68b
31. Tiller, N. B., Sullivan, J. P., & Ekkekakis, P. Baseless claims and pseudoscience in health and wellness: A call to action for the sports, exercise, and nutrition-science community. Sports Medicine. 2022; 53(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01702-2
32. Weber, K. R., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., & Zinder, S. M. Acute effects of heavy-load squats on consecutive squat jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2008; 22(3), 726–730. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181660899
33. Yamaguchi, T., Takizawa, K., & Shibata, K. Acute effect of dynamic stretching on endurance running performance in well-trained male runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2015; 29(11), 3045–3052. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000969