Female High School Athletes Regularly Consume Energy Drinks with Moderate and High Caffeine Content Original Research
Main Article Content
Keywords
Dietary supplements, sports nutrition, caffeine intake
Abstract
Introduction: The consumption of energy drinks can result in unhealthy caffeine intake for children. The objective of this study was to better understand energy drink consumption in young female athletes.
Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study on self-reported energy drink prevalence and perception of a convenience sample (n=203) of U.S. female high school athletes (age 15.9±1.1 years).
Results: Of the athletes responding, 64.5% reported use of an energy drink at some time during the last 12-months. Of this group, >25% reported using energy drinks 3-4 times a week or more. Roughly half of the athletes reported using energy drinks with a high caffeine content (~150-300 mg/serving), and they reported more positive opinions about caffeine's potential (negative) side effects compared to athletes not using energy drinks.
Conclusions: A majority of female high school athletes reported the regular use of energy drinks, including those with a high caffeine content, and athletes that reported higher dose usage expressed more positive opinions about the side effects of energy drinks. High schools should include discussion about energy drinks as part of healthy lifestyle education, allowing athletes to make safe choices about the use of such products.
References
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27. Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, Lipshultz SE. Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics. 2011;127(3):511-528. doi:10.1542/PEDS.2009-3592
28. Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam. 2003;20(1):1-30. doi:10.1080/0265203021000007840
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31. Pallarés JG, Fernández-Elías VE, Ortega JF, Muñoz G, Muñoz-Guerra J, Mora-Rodríguez R. Neuromuscular responses to incremental caffeine doses: performance and side effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(11):2184-2192. doi:10.1249/MSS.0B013E31829A6672
32. De Giuseppe R, Di Napoli I, Granata F, Mottolese A, Cena H. Caffeine and blood pressure: A critical review perspective. Published online 2019. doi:10.1017/S0954422419000015
33. Childs E, Hohoff C, Deckert J, Xu K, Badner J, De Wit H. Association between ADORA2A and DRD2 polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(12):2791-2800. doi:10.1038/NPP.2008.17
34. Turley KR, Eusse PA, Thomas MM, Townsend JR, Morton AB. Effects of different doses of caffeine on anaerobic exercise in boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2015;27(1):50-56. doi:10.1123/PES.2014-0032
35. Temple JL. Review: Trends, safety, and recommendations for caffeine use in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;58(1):36-45. doi:10.1016/J.JAAC.2018.06.030
36. Ahluwalia N, Herrick K. Caffeine intake from food and beverage sources and trends among children and adolescents in the United States: review of national quantitative studies from 1999 to 2011. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(1):102-111. doi:10.3945/AN.114.007401
37. Babu KM, Church RJ, Lewander W. Energy drinks: The new eye-opener for adolescents. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2008;9(1):35-42. doi:10.1016/J.CPEM.2007.12.002
38. Schneider MB, Benjamin HJ, Bhatia JJS, et al. Sports drinks and energy drinks for children and adolescents: are they appropriate? Pediatrics. 2011;127(6):1182-1189. doi:10.1542/PEDS.2011-0965
39. Wardenaar F, van den Dool R, Ceelen I, Witkamp R, Mensink M. Self-reported use and reasons among the general population for using sports nutrition products and dietary supplements. Sports 2016, Vol 4, Page 33. 2016;4(2):33. doi:10.3390/SPORTS4020033
40. Kumar GS, Park S, Onufrak S. Association between reported screening and counseling about energy drinks and energy drink intake among U.S. adolescents. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;94(2):250-254. doi:10.1016/J.PEC.2013.09.026
2. Barreto G, Grecco B, Merola P, Reis CEG, Gualano B, Saunders B. Novel insights on caffeine supplementation, CYP1A2 genotype, physiological responses and exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(3):749-769. doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04571-7
3. Higgins JP, Tuttle TD, Higgins CL. Energy beverages: Content and safety. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(11):1033-1041. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0381
4. Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, Fallowfield JA, Hayes PC, Parkes J. Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ. 2017;359:5024. doi:10.1136/bmj.j5024
5. Torpy JM, Livingston EH. Energy Drinks. JAMA. 2013;309(3):297. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.170614
6. Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much? | FDA. Accessed March 29, 2023. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much
7. Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance - Health Professional Fact Sheet. Accessed July 11, 2023. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ExerciseAndAthleticPerformance-HealthProfessional/
8. Lapierre MA, Fleming-Milici F, Rozendaal E, McAlister AR, Castonguay J. The Effect of Advertising on Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(Supplement_2):S152-S156. doi:10.1542/PEDS.2016-1758V
9. Nomisma-Arete Consortium. Gathering Consumption Data on Specific Consumer Groups of Energy Drinks.; 2013. Accessed November 14, 2023. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281280058_Gathering_consumption_data_on_specific_consumer_groups_of_energy_drinks?channel=doi&linkId=55dee0eb08ae45e825d3ac69&showFulltext=true
10. Branum AM, Rossen LM, Schoendorf KC. Trends in caffeine intake among U.S. children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014;133(3):386-393. doi:10.1542/PEDS.2013-2877
11. Ahluwalia N, Herrick K, Moshfegh A, Rybak M. Caffeine intake in children in the United States and 10-y trends: 2001-2010. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(4):1124-1132. doi:10.3945/AJCN.113.082172
12. Mitchell DC, Knight CA, Hockenberry J, Teplansky R, Hartman TJ. Beverage caffeine intakes in the U.S. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;63:136-142. doi:10.1016/J.FCT.2013.10.042
13. Somogyi LP. Caffeine Intake by the U.S. Population.; 2010.
14. Vercammen KA, Koma JW, Bleich SN. Trends in energy drink consumption among U.S. adolescents and adults, 2003–2016. Am J Prev Med. 2019;56(6):827-833. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.12.007
15. Emond JA, Gilbert-Diamond D, Tanski SE, Sargent JD. Energy drink consumption and the risk of alcohol use disorder among a national sample of adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr. 2014;165(6):1194-1200. doi:10.1016/J.JPEDS.2014.08.050
16. Larson N, DeWolfe J, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D. Adolescent consumption of sports and energy drinks: linkages to higher physical activity, unhealthy beverage patterns, cigarette smoking, and screen media use. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2014;46(3):181-187. doi:10.1016/J.JNEB.2014.02.008
17. Kumar G, Park S, Onufrak S. Perceptions about energy drinks are associated with energy drink intake among U.S. youth. Am J Health Promot. 2015;29(4):238-244. doi:10.4278/AJHP.130820-QUAN-435
18. Park S, Blanck HM, Sherry B, Brener N, O’Toole T. Factors associated with sugar-sweetened beverage intake among united states high school students. J Nutr. 2012;142(2):306. doi:10.3945/JN.111.148536
19. Visram S, Cheetham M, Riby DM, Crossley SJ, Lake AA. Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a rapid review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudes. BMJ Open. 2016;6(10). doi:10.1136/BMJOPEN-2015-010380
20. Costello JT, Bieuzen F, Bleakley CM. Where are all the female participants in sports and exercise medicine research? Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(8):847-851. doi:10.1080/17461391.2014.911354
21. Smith ES, McKay AKA, Kuikman M, et al. Auditing the representation of female versus male athletes in sports science and sports medicine research: Evidence-based performance supplements. Nutrients. 2022;14(5). doi:10.3390/NU14050953
22. Higgins JP, Liras GN, Liras IN. Some popular energy shots and their ingredients: Are they safe and should they be used? A literature review. Beverages. 4(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4010020
23. Azagba S, Langille D, Asbridge M. An emerging adolescent health risk: Caffeinated energy drink consumption patterns among high school students. Prev Med (Baltim). 2014;62:54-59. doi:10.1016/J.YPMED.2014.01.019
24. Galimov A, Hanewinkel R, Hansen J, Unger JB, Sussman S, Morgenstern M. Energy drink consumption among German adolescents: Prevalence, correlates, and predictors of initiation. Appetite. 2019;139:172-179. doi:10.1016/J.APPET.2019.04.016
25. Verster JC, Koenig J. Caffeine intake and its sources: A review of national representative studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58(8):1250-1259. doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1247252
26. Vento KA, Wardenaar FC. Third-party testing nutritional supplement knowledge, attitudes, and use among an NCAA I collegiate student-athlete population. Front Sports Act Living. 2020;2:115. doi:10.3389/FSPOR.2020.00115
27. Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, Lipshultz SE. Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics. 2011;127(3):511-528. doi:10.1542/PEDS.2009-3592
28. Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam. 2003;20(1):1-30. doi:10.1080/0265203021000007840
29. Growth Charts - Clinical Growth Charts. Accessed November 14, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/clinical_charts.htm
30. Grgic J, Grgic I, Pickering C, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, Pedisic Z. Wake up and smell the coffee: Caffeine supplementation and exercise performance—an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(11). doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278
31. Pallarés JG, Fernández-Elías VE, Ortega JF, Muñoz G, Muñoz-Guerra J, Mora-Rodríguez R. Neuromuscular responses to incremental caffeine doses: performance and side effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(11):2184-2192. doi:10.1249/MSS.0B013E31829A6672
32. De Giuseppe R, Di Napoli I, Granata F, Mottolese A, Cena H. Caffeine and blood pressure: A critical review perspective. Published online 2019. doi:10.1017/S0954422419000015
33. Childs E, Hohoff C, Deckert J, Xu K, Badner J, De Wit H. Association between ADORA2A and DRD2 polymorphisms and caffeine-induced anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(12):2791-2800. doi:10.1038/NPP.2008.17
34. Turley KR, Eusse PA, Thomas MM, Townsend JR, Morton AB. Effects of different doses of caffeine on anaerobic exercise in boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2015;27(1):50-56. doi:10.1123/PES.2014-0032
35. Temple JL. Review: Trends, safety, and recommendations for caffeine use in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;58(1):36-45. doi:10.1016/J.JAAC.2018.06.030
36. Ahluwalia N, Herrick K. Caffeine intake from food and beverage sources and trends among children and adolescents in the United States: review of national quantitative studies from 1999 to 2011. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(1):102-111. doi:10.3945/AN.114.007401
37. Babu KM, Church RJ, Lewander W. Energy drinks: The new eye-opener for adolescents. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2008;9(1):35-42. doi:10.1016/J.CPEM.2007.12.002
38. Schneider MB, Benjamin HJ, Bhatia JJS, et al. Sports drinks and energy drinks for children and adolescents: are they appropriate? Pediatrics. 2011;127(6):1182-1189. doi:10.1542/PEDS.2011-0965
39. Wardenaar F, van den Dool R, Ceelen I, Witkamp R, Mensink M. Self-reported use and reasons among the general population for using sports nutrition products and dietary supplements. Sports 2016, Vol 4, Page 33. 2016;4(2):33. doi:10.3390/SPORTS4020033
40. Kumar GS, Park S, Onufrak S. Association between reported screening and counseling about energy drinks and energy drink intake among U.S. adolescents. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;94(2):250-254. doi:10.1016/J.PEC.2013.09.026
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Female High School Athletes Regularly Consume Energy Drinks with Moderate and High Caffeine Content: Original Research. (2024). Journal of Exercise and Nutrition, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.53520/jen2024.103162
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How to Cite
Female High School Athletes Regularly Consume Energy Drinks with Moderate and High Caffeine Content: Original Research. (2024). Journal of Exercise and Nutrition, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.53520/jen2024.103162