Effects of Energy Drink Functional Ingredients on Running Performance

Main Article Content

Philip J. Prins
Gary L. Welton
Edward J. Ryan
Catherine G. Majchrowicz
Jessica C. Althausen
Julie A. Fijal
Natalie X. Sorek
Teresa M. Dallatore
Dana L. Ault

Keywords

Caffeine, Dietary supplements, Ergogenic effects

Abstract




Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the independent and combined effects of energy drink (ED) functional ingredients, caffeine (CAF), taurine (TAU), and glucose (GLU) on 5-km running time trial (5KTT) performance in recreational endurance runners.
Methods: Twenty recreational endurance runners (10 men, 10 women, 21.3 ± 2.2 years) participated in a double blind, placebo controlled, repeated measures study. In the first session subjects completed the 5KTT without consuming a drink (control trial - CON). Subjects were then randomly assigned to supplement with 500 ml of a commercially available ED, CAF (160 mg), TAU (2g) and GLU (54g) 60 minutes before completing a 5KTT on a treadmill; separated by seven days. Time, heart rate, RPE, and affect were recorded at 500-m intervals during the time trial (TT). Session RPE and session Affect were obtained post TT.
Results: TT performance did not differ across conditions (CON: 1420 ± 161.4 s; ED: 1409.3 ± 153.1 s; CAF: 1414.9 ± 163.2 s; TAU: 1427.7 ± 178.8 s; GLU: 1416.2 ± 167.7; p = .80). HR and RPE increased wile affect decreased during the TT, irrespective of the substance ingested (all p > 0.05). Session RPE was significantly higher in the ED trial (8.1 ± 1.1) compared to GLU (7.7 ± 1.2), TAU (7.5 ± 1.3) and CON (7.5 ± 1.3) but not CAF (7.8 ± 1.3) (p = 0.025).
Conclusions: The present data does not unequivocally support an ergogenic potential of a popular ED above that of CAF, TAU, and GLU, if consumed sixty minutes before exercise in men and women recreational distance runners.




Abstract 362 | PDF Downloads 279

References

1. Ivy, JL, Kammer L, Ding, Z, et al. Improved cycling time-trial performance after ingestion of a caffeine energy drink. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009; 19:61–78.

2. Prins, PJ, Goss, FL, Nagle, EF, et al. Energy Drinks Improve Five- Kilometer Running Performance in Recreational Endurance Runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2016; 30: 2979-2990.

3. Phillips, MD, Rola, KS, Christensen, KV, Ross, JW, Mitchell JB. Preexercise energy drink consumption does not improve endurance cycling performance but increases lactate, monocyte, and interleukin-6 response. J Strength Cond Res. 2014. 28: 1443-53.

4. Red Bull. The official website of Red Bull Energy Drink. 2015. Available from: http://www.redbull.com. Retrieved: October 13, 2015.

5. Reissig, CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Caffeinated energy drinks—a growing problem. Drug alcohol depend. 2009; 99:1-10.

6. Kennedy, DO, Scholey, AB. A glucose-caffeine ‘energy drink’ ameliorates subjective and performance deficits during prolonged cognitive demand. Appetite. 2004; 42: 331-3.

7. Hoffman, JR. Caffeine and energy drinks. Strength Cond J. 2010; 32: 15– 20.

8. Running USA. Annual Reports. 2016. Available from: http://www.runningusa.org/statistics. Retrieved: June 15, 2017.

9. Glade, MJ. Caffeine – not just a stimulant. Nutrition. 2010; 26:932–938.

10. Astorino, TA, Matera, AJ, Basinger, J, Evans, M, Schurman, T, and Marquez, R. Effects of red bull energy drink on repeated sprint performance
in women athletes. Amino Acids. 2011 42: 1803–1808.

11. Forbes, SC, Candow, DG, Little JP, Magnus, C, Chilibeck PD. Effect of Red Bull energy drink on repeated Wingate cycle performance and bench press muscular endurance. Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007; 17: 433– 444.

12. Hardy, CJ, Rejeski, WJ. Not what, but how one feels: The measurement of affect during exercise. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1989; 11: 304-317.

13. Robertson, RJ. Perceived exertion for practitioners: rating effort with the OMNI picture system. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004.

14. Bell, DG, Mclellan TM, Sabiston CM. Effect of ingesting caffeine and ephedrine on 10-km run performance. Med Sci Sports and Exerc. 2002; 34: 344-349.

15. Batterham, AM and Hopkins, WG. Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes’. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2006; 1: 50–57.

16. Hopkins, WG. A spreadsheet for deriving a confidence interval, mechanistic inference and clinical inference from a P value. Sport Sci. 2007; 11: 16-21.

17. Stevens, CJ, Hacene, J, Sculley, DV, Taylor, L, Callister, R, Dascombe, B. (2015). The reliability of running performance in a 5 km time trial on a non- motorized treadmill. Int J Sports Med. 2015; 36: 705-709.

18. Schubert, MM, & Astorino, TA. The effects of caffeinated “energy shots” on time trial performance. Nutrients. 2013; 5: 2062-2075.

19. McLellan, TM, & Lieberman, HR. Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine? Nutr Rev. 2012; 70: 730-744.

20. O’Rourke, MP, O’Brien, BJ, Knez WL, Paton CD. Caffeine has a small effect on 5-km running performance of well-trained and recreational runners. J Sci Med Sport. 2008; 11: 231-233.

21. Bridge, CA and Jones, MA. The effect of caffeine ingestion on 8 km run performance in a field setting. J Sports Sci. 2006; 4: 433–439.

22. Goldstein, ER, Ziegenfuss, T, Kalman, D, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Caffeine and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010; 7: 5.

23. Rutherford, JA, Spriet, LL, Stellingwerff, T. The effect of acute taurine ingestion on endurance performance and metabolism in well-trained cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2010; 20: 322-329.

24. Balshaw, TG, Bampouras, TM, Barry TJ, Sparks SA. The effect of acute taurine ingestion on 3-km running performance in trained middle-distance runners. Amino acids. 2013; 44: 555-561.

25. Galloway, SD, Talanian, JL, Shoveller, AK, Heigenhauser, GJ, & Spriet, LL. Seven days of oral taurine supplementation does not increase muscle taurine content or alter substrate metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2008; 105: 643-651.

26. Coyle, EF. Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. J Sport Sci. 2004; 22: 39- 55.

27. Jeukendrup, AE, Hopkins, S, Aragón-Vargas, LF, Hulston, C. No effect of carbohydrate feeding on 16 km cycling time trial performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008; 104: 831.

28. Palmer, GS, Clancy, MC, Hawley, JA, Rodger, IM, Burke, LM, Noakes, TD. Carbohyrate ingestion immediately before exercise does not improve 20 km time trial performance in well trained cyclists. Int J Sports Med. 1998; 19: 415-418.

29. Schubert, MM, Astorino, TA. A systematic review of the efficacy of ergogenic aids for improving running performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2013; 27: 1699-1707.

30. Doherty, M, Smith, PM. Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise testing: a meta-analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004; 14: 626–646.

31. Astorino, TA, Cottrell T, Lozano AT, Aburto-Pratt K, Duhon J. Effect of caffeine on RPE and perceptions of pain, arousal, and pleasure/displeasure during a cycling time trial in endurance trained and active men. Physiol Behav. 2012; 106: 211-217.

Most read articles by the same author(s)